Retrograde cannulae are designed to deliver cardioplegia solution to the heart via the coronary sinus in the reverse direction of normal blood flow (retrograde perfusion). These cannulae are offered in either auto inflating or manual inflating cuff models.
What is cardioplegia used for?
Cardioplegia is an essential component of cardiopulmonary bypass and with the primary goal to reduce myocardial oxygen demand by creating electrical quiescence and cooling the heart to reduce the ischemic effects of being on bypass.
What is hot shot cardioplegia?
Warm blood hyperkalaemic reperfusion (‘hot shot’) prevents myocardial substrate derangement in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
What is Bicaval cannulation?
Bicaval cannulation involves cannulation of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava (Fig 1b).
How is retrograde cardioplegia given?
A retrograde cardioplegia catheter is needed to provide retrograde cardioplegia. These catheters come in a variety of forms. They can be placed percutaneously (typically through a right internal jugular sheath) or via a right atriotomy by the surgeon.
When is retrograde cardioplegia used?
Retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia is being used for myocardial protection with ever-increasing frequency during complex cardiac operations. New methods for introducing cardioplegia into the coronary sinus have been facilitated by improved balloon-tipped catheters.
Why potassium is used in cardioplegia?
Chemically, the high potassium concentration present in most cardioplegic solutions decreases the membrane resting potential of cardiac cells. The normal resting potential of ventricular myocytes is about -90 mV.
What is cold blood cardioplegia?
The technique of myocardial protection by means of a cardioplegic solution consisting of cold blood (10 degrees C) with potassium (30 mEq. per liter) is described. A disposable cooling coil is used and a separate pump head for coronary perfusion is avoided.
What is del Nido cardioplegia?
The del Nido cardioplegia is delivered with 20% by volume fully oxygenated patient blood, which supports aerobic metabolism for a finite period of time and provides buffering properties to promote anaerobic glycolysis as well.
When do you use retrograde cardioplegia?
What is a retrograde heart procedure?
The retrograde procedure consists of cannulating the 2 coronary ostia and advancing a guidewire from the unoccluded artery to the region distal to the occlusion via collaterals originating from the healthy artery.
