Torus tubarius. Torus tubarius or cushion of the auditory canal is a mucosal elevation in the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx, formed by the underlying pharyngeal end of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube. The opening of the Eustachian tube is anterior to the torus tobarius.
What is the Willmore energy of s?
Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space is defined to be the integral of the square of the mean curvature minus the Gaussian curvature. It is named after the English geometer Thomas Willmore . Expressed symbolically, the Willmore energy of S is:
What is Willmore energy in differential geometry?
In differential geometry, the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere. Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space is defined to be the integral of the square of the mean curvature minus…
What is the Willmore energy of a round sphere?
The Willmore energy is always greater than or equal to zero. A round sphere has zero Willmore energy. The Willmore energy can be considered a functional on the space of embeddings of a given surface, in the sense of the calculus of variations, and one can vary the embedding of a surface, while leaving it topologically unaltered.
Is the Eustachian tube anterior or posterior to the torus?
The opening of the Eustachian tube is anterior to the torus tobarius. Immediately posterior to the torus tubarius is the fossa of Rosenmuller . From the inferior aspect of the torus tubarius, two mucosal folds extend inferiorly:
What is the difference between torus tubarius and salpingopalatine fold?
Torus tubarius. anteriorly, the second and smaller fold, the salpingopalatine fold, smaller than the salpingopharyngeal fold, contains some fibers of muscle, called salpingopalatine muscle by Simkins (1943), it stretches from the superior border of lateral lamina of the cartilage, anteroinferiorly, to the back of the hard palate.
Why is the fossa of Rosenmüller posterior to the Eustachian tube?
The inverted-J configuration of the torus tubarius explains why the fossa of Rosenmüller appears posterior (on axial images) and superior (on coronal images) to the eustachian tube orifice.29 The eustachian tube enters the nasopharynx through the sinus of Morgagni, a defect in the pharyngobasilar fascia.
